Wildland Fire in Ecosystems: Effects of Fire on Cultural Resources and Archaeology (Rainbow Series) Part 1 - Effects on Prehistoric Ceramics, Stone Artifacts, Rock Images, Fire Behavior and Effects

This state-of-knowledge review provides a synthesis of the effects of fire on cultural resources, which can be used by fire managers, cultural resource (CR) specialists, and archaeologists to more effectively manage wildland vegetation, fuels, and fire. The goal of the volume is twofold: (1) to provide cultural resource/archaeological professionals and policy makers with a primer on fuels, fire behavior, and fire effects to enable them to work more effectively with the fire management community to protect resources during fuels treatment and restoration projects and wildfire suppression activities; and (2) to provide fire and land management professionals and policy makers with a greater understanding of the value of cultural resource protection and the methods available to evaluate and mitigate risks to CR. The synthesis provides a conceptual fire effects framework for planning, managing, and modeling fire effects (chapter1) and a primer on fire and fuel processes and fire effects prediction modeling (chapter 2). A synthesis of the effects of fire on various cultural resource materials is provided for ceramics (chapter 3), lithics (chapter 4), rock art (chapter 5), historic-period artifacts/materials (chapter 6), and below-ground features (chapter 7). Chapter 8 discusses the importance of cultural landscapes to indigenous peoples and emphasizes the need to actively involve native people in the development of collaborative management plans. The use and practical implications of this synthesis are the subject of the final chapter (chapter 9).

Keywords: cultural resources, heritage resources, archaeology, fire regime, fire environment, fuels management, fire management, fire planning, wildfire, prescribed fire, First-Order fire effects, Second-Order fire effects, Third-Order fire effects, Burned Area Emergency Rehabilitation (BAER), fire severity, traditional cultural knowledge (TKE), cultural landscapes.

Chapter 1 * Effects of Fire on Cultural Resources - Introduction * Introduction * Cultural Resources * Legal Protection * Cultural Resources Categorized * Tangible and Intangible Cultural Resources * Fire Management * Categories of Effects * What is the Objective of This Volume? * Chapter 2 * Fire Behavior and Effects: Principles for Archaeologists * Fire Basics * Combustion * Heat Transfer * Fire Behavior Principles * The Many Scales of Fire * Fire Behavior and Effects: Concepts and Models * Fire Environment * Fire Intensity, Depth of Burn, and Fire Severity * Fire Intensity * Depth of Burn * Fire Severity * Integrating Fire Severity With Cultural Resources * Fire Regime * Fire Planning * Fire Planning Software * Conclusions * Appendix 2-1: A Field Guide to Fire Severity Terminology and Classification * Fire Characteristics: Fire Intensity Classes * Fire Characteristics: Depth of Burn Classes * Fire Severity Matrix