The Creed of Half Japan

THE Mahayana is a form of Buddhism. The word means “the Large Vehicle” or “Conveyance,” and is used to distinguish the later and amplified Buddhism from the Hinayana or Small Vehicle, which contains the doctrines of that form of Buddhism which is purely Indian. The original language of the Hinayana Scriptures is Pali, the language of Magadha in S’akyamuni’s lifetime; that of the Mahayana books is Sanskrit, the literary tongue of the Brahmans, adopted by Greeks, Parthians, and Scythians as a means of theological expression, when they came in turns to be masters of North-West India and the fertile valleys watered by the Indus and its tributaries, in the Punjaub and in Afghanistan, the language of many a controversy about philosophy human and divine, as Brahman and Buddhist strove in the early centuries of our era for the spiritual supremacy of India. It would be a mistake to suppose that the Greater Vehicle differs from the Lesser only because it contains in it more of subtle dialectic and daring speculation. The case is not so: the Pali books are every whit as deep and every whit as full of speculation as their Sanskrit. The Hinayana is the Lesser Vehicle only because it is more limited in its area. It draws its inspiration from India and from India only, and had it been possible to confine Buddhism within the limits of the Magadhan kingdom, or even within the limits of As’oka’s actual dominions, we may safely infer that it would have continued to be Hinayana only, as has been the case in Ceylon, where it has not been obliged to rub shoulders with deeply modifying or disturbing influences.